Cómo invertir en acciones
Cómo invertir en acciones

Investing in Stocks: The Basics

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Investing in stocks means buying an ownership interest in a public company. These small stocks are called company stocks, and when you invest in these stocks, you expect the company to grow and grow over time. When this happens, your shares may become more valuable and other investors may be willing to buy them for you rather than the price you paid for them. This means you can make a profit if you decide to sell them.

Investing in the stock market is a long game. A good rule of thumb is to have a well-diversified portfolio and stay invested even in the ups and downs of the market. One of the best ways for beginners to start investing in the stock market is to deposit funds into an online investment account, which can then be used to invest in stocks or equity funds.

Invertir en acciones en seis pasos

1. Decide cómo quieres invertir en bolsa

Hay varias formas de invertir en acciones. Elija la opción a continuación que mejor represente cómo desea invertir y su utilidad a la hora de elegir acciones en las que invertir.

R. “Quiero elegir acciones y fondos yo mismo”. Leer más; Este artículo explica lo que los inversores actuales necesitan saber, incluido cómo elegir la cuenta adecuada a sus necesidades y cómo comparar inversiones en acciones.

B. “Quiero que un experto me guíe durante el proceso”. Podría ser un candidato ideal para un robo-advisor, un servicio que brinda gestión de inversiones de bajo costo. Casi todas las principales firmas de corretaje y muchos asesores independientes ofrecen estos servicios, que invertirán por usted en función de sus objetivos específicos.

C. “I want to start investing in my employer’s 401(k).” This is one of the most common ways for beginners to start investing. In many ways, it teaches new investors some best investing practices: make small contributions regularly, focus on the long-term, and take a hands-on approach. Most 401(k)s offer limited stock fund options but no access to individual stocks.

Once you have a preference, you can purchase an account

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2. Seleccione cuenta de inversión

To invest in stocks, you usually need an investment account. For hands-on types, this usually means a brokerage account. Opening an account with a robo-advisor is a viable option for those who need a little help. We break down these two processes below.

Punto importante: tanto los brokers como los robo-advisors te permiten abrir una cuenta con muy poco dinero.

Variante "hágalo usted mismo": abrir una cuenta de valores

Una cuenta de corretaje en línea puede ser la forma más rápida y económica de comprar acciones, fondos y otras inversiones. Puede abrir una cuenta de jubilación individual, también conocida como IRA, con un corredor, o una cuenta de corredor sujeta a impuestos si ya tiene suficientes ahorros para la jubilación en un plan 401(k) de su empleador u otro plan.

If you need to dig deeper, we have a guide to opening a brokerage account. You should evaluate brokers based on factors such as cost (trading commissions, account fees), investment options (if you prefer funds, look for quality commission-free ETFs), and investor research and tools.

Variante pasiva: abrir una cuenta de robo-advisor

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Los robo-advisors ofrecen los beneficios de la inversión en acciones, pero no exigen que sus propietarios cometan los errores necesarios para elegir inversiones individuales. Los servicios de Robo-advisor brindan una gestión integral de inversiones: estas empresas le preguntan sobre sus objetivos de inversión durante el proceso de incorporación y luego le crean una cartera diseñada para alcanzar esos objetivos.

Esto puede parecer caro, pero la comisión de gestión aquí suele ser una fracción de lo que cobra un gestor de inversiones humano: la mayoría de los robo-advisors cobran alrededor de 0,25% del saldo de su cuenta. Sí, también puedes obtener una IRA de un robo-advisor si lo deseas.

Note that while robo-advisors are relatively inexpensive, read the fine print and choose your provider carefully. Some providers require a certain percentage of accounts to be held in cash. Suppliers typically pay very low interest rates on cash positions, which can significantly impact performance and lead to suboptimal allocations to investors. These required cash distribution positions sometimes exceed 10%.

If you decide to open an account with a robo-adviser, you probably don’t need to read this article anymore – the rest is for DIYers.

3. Comprenda la diferencia entre invertir en acciones y fondos

Do you go the DIY route? Don’t worry. Investing in stocks doesn’t have to be complicated. For most people, investing in the stock market means choosing between the following two types of investments:

Equity funds or exchange-traded funds. Mutual funds allow you to buy small fractions of many different stocks in one transaction. Index funds and ETFs are a type of mutual fund that tracks an index; for example, an S&P 500 index fund tracks the index by buying shares of the companies it contains. When you invest in a fund, you also own a small stake in each of these companies. You can combine multiple funds to create a diversified portfolio. Note that equity funds are also sometimes called equity funds.

individual stocks. If you’re looking for a specific company, you can buy a stock or several stocks to dive into the waters of stock trading. Building a diversified portfolio of many individual stocks is possible, but requires a lot of investment and research. As you go down this path, keep in mind that individual stocks go up and down. When you research a company and decide to invest in it, when you start to get nervous on a bad day, think about why you chose the company in the first place.

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La ventaja de los fondos de acciones es que están inherentemente diversificados, lo que reduce el riesgo. Para la gran mayoría de los inversores (especialmente aquellos que invierten sus ahorros para la jubilación) la opción obvia es una cartera compuesta principalmente de fondos mutuos.

Sin embargo, es poco probable que los fondos mutuos se parezcan a algunas acciones individuales. El beneficio de una sola acción es que las decisiones inteligentes pueden generar grandes retornos, pero las posibilidades de que una sola acción te haga rico son muy escasas.

4. Establece un presupuesto para tus inversiones en bolsa

Los nuevos inversores suelen tener dos preguntas en este paso del proceso:

How much money do I need to invest in stocks? The amount required to buy one share of stock depends on the price of the stock. (Shares can range from a few dollars to a few thousand dollars.) If you want a mutual fund and are on a tight budget, an exchange-traded fund (ETF) may be your best bet. Mutual funds typically have a minimum amount of $1,000 or more, but ETFs trade like stocks, which means you buy them at the stock price—under $100 in some cases).

How much should I invest in stocks? If you invest through a fund, did we mention that this is the preference of most financial advisors? — You can allocate a substantial portion of your portfolio to equity funds, especially if you have a long investment horizon. A 30-year-old retirement investor might have 80% of his portfolio invested in mutual funds; the rest will go into pension funds. Individual stocks are another matter. A general rule of thumb is to limit these to a small portion of your portfolio.

5. Centrarse en la inversión a largo plazo

La inversión en bolsa ha demostrado ser una de las mejores formas de generar riqueza a largo plazo. Durante décadas, el mercado de valores ha arrojado un promedio de alrededor de 10% por año. Pero tenga en cuenta que esto es sólo un promedio para el mercado en su conjunto: algunos años subirán, otros bajarán y los rendimientos de las acciones individuales variarán.

The stock market is a great investment for long-term investors, day in and year out; it’s the long-term average they’re looking for.

Investing in stocks is full of complicated strategies and methods, but all that some of the most successful investors do is stick to stock market fundamentals. That usually means spending the majority of your investment portfolio — Warren Buffett famously said that a low-cost S&P 500 index fund is the best investment most Americans can make — And only if you believe in the long-term potential growth of the company.

After you start investing in stocks or mutual funds, the best thing you can do is perhaps the hardest: don’t look at them. Unless you’re trying to overcome the odds and succeed in day trading, it’s best to avoid the habit of compulsively checking your stock performance multiple times a day.

6. Administre su cartera de acciones

While daily volatility doesn’t do much for your portfolio or your own health, of course there are times when you need to review your stocks or other investments.

Cuando sigue los pasos anteriores para comprar fondos mutuos y acciones individuales, debe revisar su cartera varias veces al año para asegurarse de que aún se ajuste a sus objetivos de inversión.

A few things to keep in mind: As you approach retirement, you may want to convert some of your stock investments into more conservative fixed-income investments. If your portfolio is overweight in one industry or industry, consider buying stocks or funds in another industry for more diversification. Finally, pay attention to geographic diversity. Vanguard recommends international stocks make up 40% of the stocks in your portfolio. You can buy international equity funds to gain this exposure.

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